Headlines are scored against the desk, not the reporter. Subeditors write headlines, so the byline score leaves headline framing out entirely. The desk headline column is the outlet's headline score over the same articles, and it is the newsroom's number, not the writer's.

A few newsrooms under-count here for reasons that are not findings about them. Sky News, the Washington Post and the Tehran Times either leave many pieces unattributed in their own page markup or block automated reads of it, so their reporters accrue more slowly than their coverage. That is a limit of what their pages let us read, not a measure of their journalism. They are fully represented on the outlet leaderboard.